How Do You Spell SECONDARY ORALITY?

1. Secondary orality is a term coined by Walter Ong, an influential media and communication theorist, to describe a form of communication that has emerged as a result of the increased prevalence and influence of electronic media. Unlike primary orality, which refers to the oral culture that existed before the invention of writing, secondary orality encompasses the characteristics and dynamics of oral communication in societies where writing is already well-established.

   In secondary orality, communication occurs primarily through electronic media, such as radio, television, and the internet. This form of communication differs from primary orality in that it is not limited to face-to-face interactions, but rather allows individuals to transmit and receive information over long distances and across time. It is often characterized by its instantaneous and simultaneous nature, providing communication in real-time or near real-time.

   One of the key features of secondary orality is its influence on the spoken word. While writing tends to prioritize the visual and objective, secondary orality emphasizes the spoken word, bringing a sense of immediacy and rhythm to the communication process. It is characterized by oral-like qualities, such as the use of storytelling, repetitive patterns, and interactivity.

   Furthermore, secondary orality fosters a sense of community and collective identity. It enables individuals to participate in public discourse, share experiences, and engage in social interactions through various electronic media platforms. It blurs the boundaries between oral and written cultures, creating a hybrid form of communication that combines elements of both.

   Overall, secondary orality refers to the oral-like characteristics, dynamics, and effects that emerge in societies where electronic media play a significant role in communication, influencing the way people interact, share information, and construct meaning.

The term "secondary orality" was coined by the media scholar Walter J. Ong in his book "Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word", published in 1982. The etymology of the term can be understood by examining its components:

1. Orality: Refers to the quality or condition of being oral, which pertains to communication through spoken language rather than written or printed text. It emphasizes the cultural and cognitive characteristics associated with oral traditions, including the reliance on memory, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of oratorical skills.

2. Secondary: In this context, "secondary" signifies a subsequent or derivative form of something. It suggests that secondary orality is an evolution or extension of primary orality, which existed before the development of writing and literacy.