Endocardial cushion defects (ECDs) are a group of congenital heart abnormalities characterized by malformations in the structures of the endocardial cushions, which play a crucial role in the development of the heart during fetal life. The endocardial cushions are primitive tissues located within the atrioventricular (AV) canal, which separate the atria from the ventricles and contribute to the formation of the heart's septa and valves.
ECDs encompass a range of defects, including atrial septal defects (ASDs), ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and abnormalities in the AV valves, such as mitral and tricuspid valve abnormalities. These defects occur due to abnormal formation or fusion of the endocardial cushions during embryonic development, leading to improper separation or connection between the heart chambers and valves.
The severity of endocardial cushion defects can vary, with some cases being asymptomatic and others causing significant heart complications. Common symptoms may include rapid breathing, poor feeding, fatigue, cyanosis (a bluish discoloration of the skin), or heart murmur. Diagnosis is typically made through various imaging techniques, such as echocardiography and cardiac MRI.
Treatment for endocardial cushion defects often involves surgical intervention, such as open-heart surgery or cardiac catheterization procedures. The specific treatment approach depends on several factors, including the type and severity of the defect, the age and overall health of the patient, and any associated complications.
Overall, endocardial cushion defects are complex congenital heart abnormalities that require careful diagnosis, monitoring, and management to prevent long-term complications and optimize the patient's heart function.
