Avian Sarcoma Viruses (ASV) are a group of retroviruses that primarily infect birds, causing malignant and highly invasive tumors known as sarcomas. These viruses are classified under the Retroviridae family, belonging to the Alpharetrovirus genus.
ASVs are characterized by their ability to induce tumor formation in various tissues of avian species, including chickens, turkeys, and ducks. They primarily target connective tissues such as muscles, bones, and viscera, but can also affect other organs such as the spleen and liver. The tumors can range in size and location, often leading to significant health problems and mortality among infected birds.
Transmission of ASVs usually occurs horizontally through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. In rare cases, vertical transmission from an infected hen to its offspring via the eggshell can also occur. Once inside a susceptible host, the ASVs infect and integrate their genetic material into the host's DNA, leading to the uncontrolled replication of infected cells and subsequent tumor development.
Research has highlighted the oncogenic potential of ASVs, revealing their role in understanding the mechanisms of cancer development and progression. Moreover, these viruses have served as crucial tools in molecular biology and biomedical research, facilitating the discovery of essential cellular genes and pathways involved in viral replication, transformation, and tumorigenesis.
Efforts to control and prevent ASV infections primarily involve vaccination strategies, strict biosecurity measures within poultry farms, and culling of affected flocks. Additionally, ongoing research aims to develop further insights into the viral etiology and pathogenesis of avian sarcomas, potentially leading to improved diagnostic methods and therapeutic interventions.
