Adrenal cortex neoplasms refer to the abnormal growth of cells within the outer layer (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumors.
The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens that play vital roles in regulating metabolism, blood pressure, and sex hormone production. Adrenal cortex neoplasms can disrupt the normal hormonal balance, leading to various health problems.
Benign adrenal cortex tumors are generally slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They are typically called adenomas and are often discovered incidentally during medical imaging performed for other reasons. Although most benign adrenal cortex neoplasms do not cause symptoms or health issues, if they become large or overproduce hormones, they may lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, or virilization.
Malignant adrenal cortex neoplasms, known as adrenal cortical carcinoma, are rare but aggressive cancers. They have a tendency to grow rapidly, invade nearby tissues, and can metastasize (spread) to other organs. Malignant tumors often produce excessive amounts of cortisol or other hormones, causing significant health problems such as uncontrolled high blood pressure, weight gain, muscle weakness, and hormonal imbalances.
The diagnosis of adrenal cortex neoplasms usually involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examination, blood and urine tests, imaging studies (such as CT scans or MRIs), and tissue biopsy. Treatment options may vary depending on the type, size, and stage of the tumor, and can include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
