Open-mid front unrounded vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Open-mid front unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɛ | |||
| IPA number | 303 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɛ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+025B | ||
| X-SAMPA | E |
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| Kirshenbaum | E |
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| Sound | |||
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The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Greek epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.
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Features
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view |
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- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | tre | [tɾɛ] | 'three' | ||
| Catalan[1] | mel | [mɛɫ] | 'honey' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | էջ | [ɛd͡ʒ] | 'page' | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 蛇 se4 | [sɛː˩] | 'snake' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 斜 xié | [ɕjɛ˧˥] | 'tilted' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Wu | 顏 ngae | [ŋɛ˥˨] | 'face' | ||
| Czech | Amerika | [ˈamɛrɪka] | 'America' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[3] | frisk | [ˈfʁ̞ɛsɡ̊] | 'fresh' | Typically transcribed /æ/. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard | bed | [bɛt] | 'bed' | See Dutch phonology |
| Leiden | je | [jɛ̞ː] | 'you' | Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch. | |
| Nijmegen | |||||
| The Hague | |||||
| Southern | Some dialects, corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch. | ||||
| English | Irish | bed | [bɛd] | 'bed' | Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology |
| North American | |||||
| RP[4][5] | |||||
| Scottish[6] | |||||
| Cockney[7] | fat | [fɛt] | 'fat' | ||
| New Zealand | |||||
| Singaporean[8] | |||||
| South African[9] | Some broad speakers. Others pronounce [æ]. | ||||
| Southern English | Some dialects. Other speakers pronounce a more open vowel [æ ~ a]. | ||||
| Belfast[10] | days | [dɛːz] | 'days' | Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP. | |
| Zulu[11] | mate | [mɛt] | 'mate' | Speakers with a met-mate merger. | |
| Faroese | elska | [ɛlska] | 'love' | ||
| French[12] | bête | [bɛt] | 'animal' | See French phonology | |
| Galician | pé | [pɛ] | 'foot' | ||
| Georgian[13] | გედი | [ɡɛdi] | 'swan' | ||
| German | Standard[14] | Bett | [bɛtʰ] | 'bed' | See German phonology |
| Hindi | शहर | [ʃɛɦɛr] | 'city' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | nem | [nɛm] | 'no' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | ég | [jɛɣ] | 'I' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Italian[15] | bene | [ˈbɛːne] | 'good' | See Italian phonology | |
| Korean | 태양 | [tʰɛ.jaŋ] | 'Sun' | See Korean phonology | |
| Lithuanian | mane | [mɐˈnʲɛ] | 'me' (acc.) | ||
| Luxembourgish[16] | drécken | [ˈdʀɛkŋ̍] | 'to push' | Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [e]. | |
| Macedonian | елен | [ˈɛlɛn] | 'deer' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Ngwe | Njoagwi dialect | [lɛ̀rɛ́] | 'eye' | ||
| North Frisian | tech | [tɛx] | 'closed' | ||
| Norwegian | nett | [nɛt] | 'net' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish[17] | ten | [t̪ɛn̪] | 'this one' (masc. nom.) | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[18] | café | [kɐˈfɛ] | 'coffee' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Russian[19] | это | [ˈɛtə] | 'this' | See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | aig | [ɛk] | 'at' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Seri | me | [mɛ] | 'you' | ||
| Slovak | pes | [pɛs] | 'dog' | ||
| Spanish[20] | Eastern Andalusian | las madres | [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] | 'the mothers' | Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian | |||||
| Swedish | Central Standard[21] | ät | [ɛːt] | 'eat' (imp.) | See Swedish phonology |
| Turkish | süre | [syɾɛ] | 'duration' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | береза | [bɛˈrɛzɑ] | 'birch' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | شہر | [ʃɛɦɛr] | 'city' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Vietnamese | e | [ɛ] | 'to fear' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | têd | [tɛːt] | 'languid' | ||
| Yoruba | ẹsẹ̀ | [ɛ̄sɛ] | 'leg' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100–101)
- ^ Schmitt (2007:322–323)
- ^ http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979:35)
- ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000)
- ^ Lanham (1967:9)
- ^ http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf
- ^ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English at the Wayback Machine (archived May 17, 2008)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
- ^ Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
Bibliography
- Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1–2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290
- Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 321–328
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos