Mid front unrounded vowel
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| Mid front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| e | |
| e̞ | |
| IPA number | 302 430 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | e̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0065 U+031E |
| X-SAMPA | e_o |
| Sound | |
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The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid [e] and open-mid [ɛ], it is normally written ⟨e⟩. If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ (the former being more common). This diacritic looks like niqqud kamatz. Sinologists and some Koreanologists sometimes use ⟨ᴇ⟩ (small capital E, U+1D07, ᴇ).
For many languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (i.e. neither close nor open), this vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel, phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Greek and Turkish. A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition for this. Igbo, for example, has a close-mid [e], whereas Bulgarian has an open-mid [ɛ], even though neither language has another phonemic mid front vowel.
The Kensiu language spoken in Malaysia and Thailand is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.[citation needed]
Contents |
Features
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- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | Alguerese | sec | [se̞k] | 'dry' | /ɛ/ and /e/ merge into [e̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Northern | |||||
| Dutch | Belgian[1] | rib | [rë̞p] | 'rib' | Centralized, typically transcribed as /ɪ/. It corresponds to [ɘ̟] in the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Cardiff[2] | square | [skwe̞ː] | 'square' | Corresponds to /ɛə/ in RP. |
| RP | bed | [be̞d] | 'bed' | Many speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ɛ] instead. See English phonology | |
| Southern English | |||||
| Inland Northern American[3] | bit | [bë̞t̚] | 'bit' | Centralized, used in some dialects. Corresponds to [ɪ] in other dialects, in Scotland it can be [ɪ~ə] instead. See Northern Cities vowel shift | |
| Scottish[4] | [bë̞ʔ] | ||||
| Yorkshire[5] | play | [ple̞ː] | 'play' | ||
| Finnish[6] | menen | [ˈme̞ne̞n] | 'I (will) go' | See Finnish phonology | |
| Greek | φαινόμενο fainómeno | [fe̞ˈno̞me̞no̞] | 'phenomenon' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew[7] | כן | [ke̞n] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian[8] | hét | [he̞ːt] | 'seven' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese[9] | 笑み | [e̞mʲi] | 'smile' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean[10] | 베개 | [pe̞ˈɡɛ] | 'pillow' | See Korean phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian | energia eólica | [ẽ̞ne̞ɦˈʑi.ɐ e̞ˈɔɫikɐ] | 'wind power' | Unstressed vowel.[11] See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | fete | [ˈfe̞te̞] | 'girls' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[12] | человек | [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k] | 'person' | Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[13] | питање / pitanje | [pǐːt̪äːɲ̟e̞] | 'question' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Spanish[14] | bebé | [be̞ˈβ̞e̞] | 'baby' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[15] | häll | [he̞l] | 'flat rock' | Typically transcribed as /ɛ/. Many dialects pronounce short /e/ and /ɛ/ the same. See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | daliri | [dɐˈliɾe̞] | 'finger' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Turkish[16] | ev | [e̞v] | 'house' | See Turkish phonology | |
References
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Coupland (1990:95)
- ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997). "A national map of the regional dialects of American English". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:179)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Laufer (1999:98)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Lee (1999:121)
- ^ Corresponds to /ɛ/, or /ɨ/ and /i/ (where Brazilian dialects have [i ~ ɪ ~ e̞]), in other national variants. May be lowered to [ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] in amazofonia, nordestino, mineiro (MG) and fluminense (RJ) if not nasalized ([ẽ̞] does not corresponds to phoneme /ẽ/), or be raised and merged to /e/ in sulista, paulistano, caipira and sertanejo.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
Bibliography
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 95, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7