Leukemias refer to a group of cancerous disorders originating from the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues, characterized by the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (WBCs). WBCs, which form an integral part of the immune system, play a crucial role in defending the body against infections. In leukemias, these cells undergo abnormal changes in their genetic makeup, leading to their rapid multiplication and accumulation, outcompeting healthy blood cells.
The abnormal proliferation of leukemia cells affects the normal functioning of various blood cells, namely red blood cells (RBCs), responsible for oxygen transport, and platelets, essential for clotting and stopping bleeding. Consequently, patients with leukemia may experience symptoms such as fatigue, anemia, susceptibility to infections, frequent bruising or bleeding, and weight loss.
Leukemia can be broadly classified into four main types: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), each named after the type of WBCs affected. The classification helps determine the appropriate treatment approach and prognosis.
Management of leukemias typically involves a combination of chemotherapy (medications that kill cancer cells) and other interventions, including radiation therapy and stem cell transplantation. The specific treatment plan depends on various factors, such as the patient's age, overall health, subtype of leukemia, and disease stage.
Although leukemias can be life-threatening, advancements in medical science have significantly improved survival rates, particularly for certain types and groups of patients. Close monitoring, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment initiation are crucial in achieving the best possible outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for individuals affected by leukemias.
